80s Big Hair Tutorial: A Guide to Achieving Voluminous Locks
An "80s big hair tutorial" is a step-by-step guide that teaches individuals how to style their hair to achieve the iconic voluminous look popularized in the 1980s. A prominent example is the signature style of the American rock band Bon Jovi, known for their towering and teased hairstyles. This tutorial is significant because it offers a glimpse into a defining style of a bygone era, allowing enthusiasts to recreate the look and embrace a piece of 1980s fashion and culture.
The 80s big hair trend is sought after for its dramatic and glamorous appearance, adding height and fullness to hair. It also has practical benefits, such as helping to hide a receding hairline or creating the illusion of thicker hair. Key historical developments that contributed to the popularity of big hair include the rise of rock and heavy metal music, the influence of celebrities like David Bowie and Madonna, and advancements in hair styling products and techniques.
This tutorial delves into the specific steps and techniques required to achieve 80s big hair, including teasing, blow-drying, and using volumizing products. It also provides tips on maintaining the style and preventing damage to the hair.
80s Big Hair Tutorial
To achieve the iconic 80s big hair look, it's crucial to understand the key points that define this hairstyle and the techniques involved in creating it.
- Teasing: Backcombing hair to create volume.
- Blow-drying: Using a blow dryer to shape and add volume.
- Volumizing products: Sprays, mousses, and shampoos that enhance hair volume.
- Sectioning: Dividing hair into sections for easier styling.
- Styling tools: Round brushes, combs, and clips for shaping and holding hair in place.
- Hair extensions: Adding fake hair to increase hair length and volume.
- Perms: Chemical treatment to create permanent curls or waves, adding volume.
- Aqua Net hairspray: A popular hairspray brand known for its strong hold, often used in 80s hairstyles.
- Headbands and accessories: Adornments used to complement the big hair look.
- Rock and heavy metal music: Cultural influence that popularized big hair among musicians and fans.
These key points provide a comprehensive understanding of the elements and techniques involved in creating 80s big hair. The tutorial delves deeper into each point, explaining the specific steps and providing tips for achieving the desired look. Examples from iconic 80s hairstyles, such as those of Bon Jovi, Madonna, and David Bowie, are used to illustrate the application of these techniques and their impact on the overall style.
Teasing
In the realm of 80s big hair tutorials, teasing, or backcombing hair, stands as a fundamental technique for achieving the iconic voluminous look. This process involves brushing hair in the opposite direction of its growth, creating friction and causing hair strands to tangle and stand apart. The result is a lifted, textured foundation that provides the base for further styling.
Teasing plays a pivotal role in 80s big hair tutorials, acting as both a cause and an effect. It is a causal factor in creating volume and height at the roots, which is a defining characteristic of 80s hairstyles. Conversely, the desire to achieve big hair often leads to teasing as the primary method to achieve this effect.
Teasing is an essential component of 80s big hair tutorials, serving as a foundational step that sets the stage for subsequent styling techniques. It allows hairstylists and individuals to manipulate hair's texture and form, making it more receptive to styling products and heat tools. Additionally, teasing helps to conceal the scalp, creating the illusion of thicker, fuller hair.
Real-life instances of teasing in action within 80s big hair tutorials abound. Iconic hairstyles sported by celebrities like Madonna, Bon Jovi, and David Bowie frequently featured teased roots, adding height and drama to their overall look. Furthermore, numerous tutorials and guides from the 1980s explicitly instruct on teasing as a crucial step in achieving big hair.
Understanding teasing as a technique in 80s big hair tutorials has practical significance in various applications. For instance, it can be used to create a variety of hairstyles, from voluminous updos to gravity-defying mullets. Additionally, teasing can be employed to add texture and body to fine or limp hair, creating the illusion of fullness and thickness.
In summary, teasing, or backcombing hair to create volume, is an essential technique in 80s big hair tutorials, serving as both a cause and effect in achieving the desired voluminous look. It is a fundamental component of the tutorial process, allowing for manipulation of hair's texture and form, and is showcased in numerous iconic hairstyles of the era. Understanding teasing's role in 80s big hair tutorials has practical implications in creating a variety of hairstyles and adding volume and texture to hair.
Blow-drying
Within the context of "80s big hair tutorial," blow-drying plays a crucial role in shaping and volumizing hair to achieve the iconic 80s look. This section delves into specific facets of blow-drying, exploring the techniques and considerations involved in creating voluminous hairstyles.
- Sectioning Hair:
Dividing hair into manageable sections allows for more precise blow-drying, ensuring even distribution of heat and volume.
- Round Brush Technique:
Using a round brush while blow-drying helps to lift hair from the roots, creating volume and shaping the hair as desired.
- Heat and Speed Settings:
Selecting the appropriate heat and speed settings on the blow dryer is essential to prevent damage and achieve the desired results. Higher heat and lower speed settings are generally recommended for thicker hair, while lower heat and higher speed settings are better suited for finer hair.
- Styling Products:
Applying volumizing mousses or sprays before blow-drying can enhance the hair's ability to hold volume and shape.
These blow-drying techniques, when combined, contribute to the overall success of achieving 80s big hair. Sectioning hair ensures that each part receives attention and volume, while the round brush technique helps to shape and lift the hair. Appropriate heat and speed settings minimize damage and optimize styling, and volumizing products provide additional support for long-lasting volume. The result is voluminous, gravity-defying hair that epitomizes the 80s big hair aesthetic.
Volumizing Products
In the realm of 80s big hair tutorials, volumizing products stand as essential tools for achieving the iconic and gravity-defying hairstyles of the era. These products, which include sprays, mousses, and shampoos, play a crucial role in amplifying hair's volume, texture, and shape, making them indispensable elements of 80s big hair styling.
Cause and Effect: Volumizing products exert a direct influence on the outcomes of 80s big hair tutorials. By coating hair strands with volumizing agents, these products create the foundation for voluminous hairstyles. They work by lifting hair from the roots, providing body and texture, and enhancing the hair's ability to hold a voluminous shape. This cause-and-effect relationship is fundamental to achieving the desired 80s big hair look.
Components: Volumizing products are integral components of 80s big hair tutorials, serving as essential elements in the styling process. Their role is to provide the necessary volume, texture, and hold to create the iconic 80s hairstyles. Without volumizing products, achieving the desired hair volume and shape would be significantly more challenging, if not impossible.
Examples: Real-life instances of volumizing products in action within 80s big hair tutorials abound. Iconic hairstyles sported by celebrities like Madonna, Bon Jovi, and David Bowie frequently featured the use of volumizing products to achieve their signature big hair looks. Additionally, numerous tutorials and guides from the 1980s explicitly instruct on the application of volumizing products as a crucial step in achieving big hair.
Applications: Understanding the role of volumizing products in 80s big hair tutorials has practical significance in creating a variety of hairstyles. These products can be used to create voluminous updos, gravity-defying mullets, and other iconic 80s hairstyles. Additionally, volumizing products can be employed to add volume and texture to fine or limp hair, creating the illusion of fullness and thickness.
In conclusion, volumizing products are indispensable elements of 80s big hair tutorials, playing a crucial role in achieving the voluminous and gravity-defying hairstyles of the era. Their ability to add volume, texture, and hold makes them essential components of the styling process, as evidenced by iconic hairstyles and numerous tutorials from the 1980s. Understanding the role of volumizing products in 80s big hair tutorials has practical implications in creating a variety of hairstyles and adding volume and texture to hair.
Sectioning
In the realm of 80s big hair tutorials, sectioning hair emerges as a fundamental technique, intricately intertwined with the successful execution of these iconic hairstyles. This section delves into the multifaceted relationship between sectioning and 80s big hair tutorials, exploring their cause-and-effect dynamics, integral components, real-life examples, and practical applications.
Cause and Effect: A Symbiotic Relationship
Sectioning hair serves as both a cause and an effect within the context of 80s big hair tutorials. By systematically dividing hair into manageable sections, stylists and individuals create a foundation that enables effective styling and facilitates the application of volumizing products and heat tools. This meticulous approach ensures even distribution of products and heat, leading to enhanced volume and long-lasting hold, ultimately resulting in the gravity-defying hairstyles characteristic of the 80s.
Components: An Indispensable Element
Sectioning hair stands as an indispensable element of 80s big hair tutorials, playing a pivotal role in achieving the desired voluminous look. It allows for precise styling, targeted application of products and heat, and efficient blow-drying, shaping, and teasing. Without proper sectioning, the styling process becomes haphazard and less effective, hindering the creation of the voluminous and structured hairstyles that define the 80s era.
Examples: Iconic Hairstyles and Step-by-Step Guides
Real-life examples abound, showcasing the profound impact of sectioning hair in 80s big hair tutorials. Iconic hairstyles sported by celebrities like Madonna, Bon Jovi, and David Bowie frequently featured meticulously sectioned hair, creating a solid foundation for voluminous styling. Additionally, numerous step-by-step tutorials and guides from the 1980s explicitly instruct on the importance of sectioning hair as a crucial step in achieving big hair.
Applications: Practical Significance in Styling
Understanding the role of sectioning hair in 80s big hair tutorials has practical implications in creating a variety of hairstyles. This technique is not limited to the 80s era but remains relevant in contemporary hairstyling practices. Sectioning hair facilitates the creation of voluminous updos, gravity-defying mullets, and other intricate hairstyles that require precise styling and the application of multiple products and heat tools.
In conclusion, sectioning hair into sections for easier styling is an essential technique in 80s big hair tutorials, contributing significantly to the voluminous and gravity-defying hairstyles of the era. Its role as both a cause and effect in the styling process highlights its importance, while its prevalence in iconic hairstyles and step-by-step guides underscores its practical significance. Understanding and applying sectioning techniques effectively empowers stylists and individuals to recreate these iconic hairstyles and achieve voluminous, long-lasting results.
Styling Tools
Styling tools, encompassing round brushes, combs, and clips, play a transformative role in 80s big hair tutorials, acting as instrumental components in achieving the voluminous and gravity-defying hairstyles that epitomize the era. These tools, when wielded skillfully, elevate the styling process, enabling precise shaping, effective product application, and long-lasting hold, ultimately resulting in the iconic big hair looks of the 80s.
Cause and Effect: A Symbiotic Relationship
Styling tools exert a profound influence on the outcomes of 80s big hair tutorials. Round brushes, with their ability to lift hair from the roots and create volume, serve as essential tools for achieving the desired height and fullness. Combs, employed for sectioning and detangling, facilitate the precise application of products and heat, ensuring even distribution and minimizing damage. Clips, acting as temporary anchors, hold hair in place during styling, allowing for intricate shaping and the creation of structured hairstyles.
Components: Indispensable Elements of 80s Big Hair
Styling tools are indispensable elements of 80s big hair tutorials, playing a multifaceted role in the overall styling process. Round brushes, combs, and clips are not mere accessories but essential tools that empower stylists and individuals to achieve the voluminous and structured hairstyles of the era. Without these tools, the creation of big hair would be significantly more challenging, if not impossible.
Examples: Iconic Hairstyles and Step-by-Step Guides
Real-life instances of styling tools in action abound in 80s big hair tutorials and iconic hairstyles. The towering hairstyles of rockstars like Bon Jovi and the voluminous manes of actresses like Farrah Fawcett exemplify the transformative power of styling tools. Additionally, numerous step-by-step tutorials and guides from the 1980s explicitly showcase the use of round brushes, combs, and clips as essential tools for achieving big hair.
Applications: Practical Significance in Styling
Understanding the significance of styling tools in 80s big hair tutorials has practical implications in contemporary hairstyling practices. These tools are not limited to the 80s era but remain relevant in creating voluminous hairstyles, intricate updos, and gravity-defying looks. Mastering the techniques of using round brushes, combs, and clips empowers stylists and individuals to recreate iconic hairstyles and achieve long-lasting results.
In conclusion, styling tools, encompassing round brushes, combs, and clips, are indispensable elements of 80s big hair tutorials, playing a crucial role in achieving the voluminous and gravity-defying hairstyles of the era. Their ability to shape, hold, and volumize hair makes them essential components of the styling process. Understanding and applying styling techniques effectively empowers stylists and individuals to recreate these iconic hairstyles and achieve voluminous, long-lasting results.
Hair extensions
In the pursuit of voluminous and gravity-defying hairstyles, hair extensions emerged as a game-changer in 80s big hair tutorials. These artificial hairpieces, meticulously attached to natural hair, offered a transformative solution to enhance length, add fullness, and create dramatic effects. Hair extensions became an integral part of achieving the iconic big hair looks of the era.
- Types of Extensions: Hair extensions come in various forms, including clip-ins, weaves, and fusion extensions. Clip-ins are temporary pieces that can be easily attached and removed, while weaves and fusion extensions are semi-permanent and require professional application.
- Matching Hair Texture: To achieve a seamless blend with natural hair, it's crucial to select extensions that closely match hair texture, color, and curl pattern. This ensures a natural-looking.
- Styling and Maintenance: Hair extensions require careful maintenance to keep them looking their best. Regular brushing, detangling, and conditioning are essential to prevent matting and tangling. Additionally, it's important to use heat protectant sprays when styling with hot tools to minimize damage.
- Styling Possibilities: Hair extensions open up a world of styling possibilities. They can be styled with the same techniques used for natural hair, such as blow-drying, curling, and straightening. Additionally, extensions can be used to create intricate updos, braids, and other elaborate hairstyles.
The use of hair extensions in 80s big hair tutorials transcended mere aesthetic considerations; it represented a cultural shift towards embracing individuality and making a statement through one's appearance. Hair extensions empowered individuals to experiment with different hairstyles and express their unique personalities. Furthermore, hair extensions have had a lasting impact on the beauty industry, becoming a staple in modern hairstyling practices and continuing to be a popular choice for those seeking voluminous and glamorous hairstyles.
Perms
In the realm of 80s big hair tutorials, perms stand as a cornerstone technique, transforming hair texture and adding coveted volume. This chemical treatment revolutionized hairstyling, allowing individuals to achieve long-lasting curls or waves, contributing to the era's iconic and voluminous looks.
- Perm Types: From tight ringlets to loose, flowing waves, various perm types cater to different hair textures and desired styles. Options include spiral perms, body waves, and spot perms, each creating unique patterns and adding volume.
The impact of perms in 80s big hair tutorials cannot be overstated. They not only added volume and texture but also complemented other styling techniques like teasing and blow-drying, creating the foundation for elaborate and gravity-defying hairstyles. Perms continue to be a popular hair treatment, albeit with evolving techniques and milder formulations, catering to contemporary preferences for natural-looking waves and curls.
Aqua Net hairspray
In the realm of 80s big hair tutorials, Aqua Net hairspray emerges as a prominent styling tool, renowned for its exceptional hold and contribution to the era's iconic voluminous hairstyles. This section delves into the intricate relationship between Aqua Net hairspray and 80s big hair tutorials, exploring cause-and-effect dynamics, integral components, real-life examples, and practical applications.
Cause and Effect: A Symbiotic Relationship
Aqua Net hairspray exerts a profound influence on the outcomes of 80s big hair tutorials. Its strong hold provides the necessary support to maintain voluminous hairstyles, enabling gravity-defying shapes and long-lasting results. Conversely, the pursuit of big hair often leads to the use of Aqua Net hairspray as the chosen styling product to achieve and sustain the desired look.
Components: A Cornerstone of 80s Big Hair
Aqua Net hairspray stands as an indispensable component of 80s big hair tutorials, playing a pivotal role in the styling process. Its ability to lock hairstyles in place, resist humidity, and maintain volume makes it an essential element for achieving the signature 80s big hair aesthetic.
Examples: Iconic Hairstyles and Cultural Impact
Real-life instances of Aqua Net hairspray's impact abound in 80s big hair tutorials and iconic hairstyles. The towering hair of rockstars like Bon Jovi and the voluminous manes of actresses like Farrah Fawcett exemplify the transformative power of Aqua Net hairspray in creating and maintaining these signature looks. Additionally, numerous step-by-step tutorials and guides from the 1980s explicitly recommend Aqua Net hairspray as the styling product of choice for achieving big hair.
Applications: Practical Significance in Styling
Understanding the significance of Aqua Net hairspray in 80s big hair tutorials has practical implications in contemporary hairstyling practices. Aqua Net hairspray continues to be a popular choice for individuals seeking voluminous and long-lasting hairstyles, whether it's for a special occasion or everyday wear. Its strong hold and resistance to humidity make it an ideal styling product for creating a variety of hairstyles, from voluminous updos to gravity-defying mullets.
Conclusion: A Cultural Icon and Styling Essential
Aqua Net hairspray's enduring popularity in 80s big hair tutorials and contemporary hairstyling practices speaks to its effectiveness and cultural significance. Its strong hold, long-lasting results, and association with iconic hairstyles make it an indispensable tool for achieving voluminous and gravity-defying looks. While Aqua Net hairspray may pose challenges in terms of its potential to cause hair damage or stiffness, its benefits often outweigh these concerns for those seeking to recreate the iconic 80s big hair aesthetic or achieve long-lasting volume and hold.
Headbands and accessories
In the realm of 80s big hair tutorials, headbands and accessories transcended mere ornamentation, becoming integral elements that complemented and accentuated the voluminous hairstyles of the era. These adornments served both functional and aesthetic purposes, adding an extra layer of personality and style to the overall look.
- Headbands:
Wide, colorful, and often embellished, headbands were a staple accessory in 80s big hair tutorials. They served to keep hair in place, preventing it from falling flat or obscuring the face. Additionally, headbands added a pop of color or pattern, drawing attention to the voluminous hair.
Ornate barrettes, featuring intricate designs, gemstones, or bold colors, were strategically placed to secure hair and add a touch of glamour. They could be used to hold back bangs, accentuate a side part, or simply add a touch of sparkle to the hairstyle.
Large, fabric-covered scrunchies, often matching the color or pattern of an outfit, were used to tie hair into voluminous ponytails or buns. These soft and colorful accessories added a playful touch to the hairstyle while preventing damage caused by traditional hair ties.
Wide-brimmed hats, adorned with feathers, ribbons, or other embellishments, were a stylish way to top off an 80s big hair look. They not only added height and drama to the hairstyle but also provided protection from the sun or rain.
The use of headbands and accessories in 80s big hair tutorials extended beyond their practical functions, becoming a reflection of personal style and individuality. These adornments allowed individuals to express their creativity and make a statement, transforming their hairstyles into works of art. Furthermore, headbands and accessories played a significant role in shaping the overall aesthetic of the 80s, becoming iconic symbols of the era's exuberant and flamboyant fashion sense.
Rock and heavy metal music
Within the context of "80s big hair tutorial," rock and heavy metal music played a pivotal role in popularizing big hair among musicians and fans, shaping the overall aesthetic of the era. This cultural influence manifested in several key facets:
- Musicians as Style Icons:
Rock and heavy metal musicians, known for their rebellious and flamboyant image, embraced big hair as a symbol of individuality and nonconformity. Their hairstyles, often exaggerated and dramatic, became a signature look that fans sought to emulate.
The iconic album covers and music videos of rock and heavy metal bands showcased elaborate hairstyles, further cementing the association between this music genre and big hair. These visual representations reached a wide audience and inspired fans to adopt similar hairstyles.
Rock and heavy metal concerts were a spectacle of big hair, with musicians headbanging and performing with their voluminous hairstyles on full display. This visual impact left a lasting impression on fans, reinforcing the connection between this music genre and big hair.
The rise of MTV in the 1980s provided a platform for rock and heavy metal music to reach a global audience. The music videos of these bands, featuring big-haired musicians, were in constant rotation, further popularizing the look among viewers.
These factors collectively contributed to the widespread adoption of big hair among rock and heavy metal fans. The larger-than-life personalities of rockstars, the visual impact of album covers and music videos, the energy of live performances, and the influence of MTV created a cultural phenomenon that transcended music and became a defining fashion statement of the 1980s.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
This section addresses common queries and misconceptions surrounding the "80s Big Hair Tutorial." Here, we aim to provide comprehensive answers that clarify various aspects of achieving the iconic big hair look of the 1980s.
Question 1:What hair types are best suited for an 80s big hair look?
Answer: While 80s big hair can be achieved on most hair types, it's generally easier to work with hair that has natural volume and texture. Fine or thin hair may require additional products and techniques to create the desired fullness.
Question 2:How damaging are the teasing and blow-drying techniques used in the tutorial?
Answer: Teasing and blow-drying can cause some hair damage if done excessively or improperly. Using a heat protectant spray before blow-drying and avoiding over-teasing can minimize potential damage.
Question 3:Are there any alternatives to using hairspray for hold?
Answer: Yes, there are several alternatives to using hairspray for hold. These include volumizing mousses, gels, and pomades, which can provide varying levels of hold and texture without the stiffness of hairspray.
Question 4:How can I prevent my big hair from falling flat throughout the day?
Answer: To maintain the volume and longevity of your big hair, consider using a root lifter or volumizing powder at the roots. Additionally, avoid touching or brushing your hair too much, as this can disrupt the structure and cause it to fall flat.
Question 5:What are some tips for teasing hair effectively?
Answer: To tease hair effectively, start from the roots and work your way down, using short, quick strokes. Focus on teasing the hair underneath for maximum volume, and use a wide-toothed comb to blend the teased sections with the rest of your hair.
Question 6:How can I achieve an 80s big hair look without using a perm or extensions?
Answer: Achieving an 80s big hair look without a perm or extensions is possible. Use volumizing products, tease your hair strategically, and blow-dry it upside down for maximum lift. You can also consider using a large round brush to curl the ends of your hair for added volume.
In summary, these FAQs provide essential information and address common concerns related to the "80s Big Hair Tutorial." They emphasize the importance of choosing the right products and techniques to achieve the desired look while minimizing hair damage. Understanding these nuances empowers individuals to recreate the iconic 80s big hair style successfully.
This concludes our exploration of common questions and misconceptions surrounding 80s big hair tutorials. In the next section, we delve deeper into the cultural and historical context of this larger-than-life hairstyle, examining its significance and lasting impact on fashion and popular culture.
Tips for Achieving a Voluminous 80s Big Hair Look
In this section, we present practical tips and techniques to help you achieve the iconic 80s big hair look. Follow these steps to add volume, texture, and height to your hairstyle.
Tip 1: Section Your Hair: Divide your hair into manageable sections to ensure even styling and product distribution. This will help you create a voluminous foundation for your big hair.
Tip 2: Use Volumizing Products: Apply volumizing mousse or spray to damp hair, focusing on the roots. These products add body and texture, creating the base for a voluminous style.
Tip 3: Blow-Dry with a Round Brush: Use a large round brush to blow-dry your hair upside down. This technique lifts the hair from the roots, creating volume and bounce.
Tip 4: Tease Your Hair: Backcomb sections of your hair to create height and texture. Start from the roots and work your way down, using short, quick strokes.
Tip 5: Use Styling Tools: Utilize hair clips and rollers to shape and hold your hair in place. These tools can help you achieve specific styles, such as voluminous curls or a structured updo.
Tip 6: Finish with Hairspray: Apply a strong-hold hairspray to your finished style to maintain volume and hold throughout the day. This will help keep your big hair looking its best.
Tip 7: Use Accessories: Add a touch of glamour to your big hair with accessories like headbands, scrunchies, or barrettes. These accessories can complement your hairstyle and enhance the overall look.
Key Takeaways:
- Sectioning your hair and using volumizing products create a foundation for big hair.
- Blow-drying with a round brush and teasing add volume and texture.
- Styling tools and hairspray help shape and hold the hairstyle in place.
- Accessories can add a touch of glamour and personality to the overall look.
Transition to Conclusion:
By following these tips and techniques, you can achieve the voluminous and glamorous 80s big hair look. This iconic hairstyle is a testament to the era's bold and expressive fashion sense. In the next section, we will explore the cultural and historical context of 80s big hair, examining its significance and lasting impact on popular culture.
Conclusion
Our exploration of the "80s big hair tutorial" reveals the intricate interplay between fashion, culture, and personal expression. The iconic hairstyle epitomizes the era's bold and flamboyant aesthetic, characterized by volume, height, and dramatic styling. This tutorial delves into the techniques, products, and influences that shaped this larger-than-life look.
Key insights emerge from this journey into 80s big hair. Firstly, the tutorial emphasizes the importance of understanding hair types and selecting appropriate products to achieve the desired volume and texture. Secondly, it highlights the significance of sectioning hair, using volumizing products, and employing heat and styling tools to create a structured and long-lasting hairstyle. Lastly, the tutorial acknowledges the influence of rock and heavy metal music, cultural icons, and the rise of MTV in popularizing big hair as a symbol of individuality and nonconformity.
The 80s big hair phenomenon transcended mere fashion trends; it became a cultural statement that continues to inspire and intrigue. While the styles may have evolved, the quest for voluminous and expressive hairstyles remains a testament to the enduring impact of this era. This tutorial serves as a valuable resource for those seeking to recreate the iconic 80s big hair look or simply understand the cultural significance of this larger-than-life trend.
